## How Do I...? A M.U.G.E.N primer

## Tutorial Part 1 - Getting started: sprites

M.U.G.E.N, Elecbyte (c)2001
Updated 13 November 2001

Tutorial 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

### Introduction

If you want to make a character for MUGEN, you'll need a good understanding of how every component of a character works. Because jumping straight into the technical documentation can be confusing, we've written a tutorial to help you get started. As you gain more understanding, be sure to refer to the docs often. You may stumble or get stuck several times as you make your first character, but like anything else, once you know the basics it becomes easier and faster to make progress.

In this tutorial you will learn how to make a palette for your character, and how put together your character's sprites. Also, you'll see how to make a simple animation action. In Part 2 of the tutorial, you'll see how to define bounding boxes for your animations, and in Part 3 and 4 we'll define a simple attack. For this tutorial, you'll need SprMaker and AirEditor (in our MUGEN tools package on our Developer's Page, as well as an image editing program such as PhotoShop or PaintShop Pro.

We'll assume you have at least basic knowledge of text editors, graphics editing, game concepts, and how to navigate at a command prompt. If you're not familiar with all of these, we recommend you do some reading up in beginner books or websites. If you have some background in programming languages, you may find it a lot easier to understand our docs. All right, now let's begin.

### 1. Making a palette

All the sprites belonging to a character need to be 256-color pcx files. Every sprite should have the same 256-color palette in order for them to be displayed correctly in-game. If you are experienced with Photoshop, the following part will be simple. We will assume you are starting with a true-color image (called RGB in Photoshop).

When converting sprites to 256 colors (also known as Indexed Color), most paint programs will make the palette however which way they like, and they'll do it differently for each sprite. Here we'll cover how to make a standard palette, and how to apply it to each sprite..

With Photoshop, go to Image->Mode->Indexed Color.

A window will pop up. In this window, set the palette to Exact. If you're using Photoshop 5 or higher, don't click on OK yet. For earlier versions of Photoshop, click OK, then convert to RGB (Image->Mode->RGB Color), then click on Image->Mode->Indexed Color again.

Now, select Custom in the palette roll-down list to bring up the Color Table window. The next step is to make sure the background color of your sprite has a color index of 0 (we'll call this "color 0"). In MUGEN, color 0 is the masking color. This means that all the parts of a sprite that are color 0 will not be drawn.

Color index 0 should always be the background color. The actual color (not the index value) is up to you.

In photoshop's color table editor, set the bottom right color (that's color index 0 in Photoshop) to be the background color of the sprite. You will want to make sure that color 0 is a unique color in your palette, otherwise Photoshop will not set the color indices correctly. To do this, you can take the old color 0 color and put it where the bg color used to be (swap the two colors essentially).

Incorrect palette with background color (white in this case) in the upper right box. | Correct palette with background color as color 0.
Result of using incorrect palette. | Result of using correct palette.

Click on the Save button to save this palette (we will call it player.act for the purpose of this tutorial). Now click OK to apply the palette to this image, and the save the file as a .pcx file.

The next step is to convert all your other images to this palette that you just created (player.act). You can use the following method:

- Open the first image, then click on Image -> Mode -> Indexed Color.
- Select Custom from the Palette list, and click on Load to select the palette file you just made (player.act). Hit OK until you are back at the main window.
- Now save it as a pcx file, and repeat for the rest of your images.

If you have a lot of images to convert, you might want to try the PcxClean tool from our site. It applies a given palette to pcx files. You can get it here:
`www.elecbyte.com/tools`

Palette design is very important early on when making your sprites. Although MUGEN lets you use up to 255 colors for each sprite, a character with a well-designed palette does not necessarily have to use all the available colors indices. Working with a limited number of colors not only decreases the size of the .pcx files, but also makes it easier to create alternate palettes (different color schemes) later on. Cel sprite art done by hand at the pixel level is much easier with a small set of colors (16 to 32), but can become tedious when you have a large palette to work with. On the other hand, pre-rendered sprites may look better with a larger range of colors, at the cost of little extra work. Keep these points in mind when designing your character's palette.

#### For Paint Shop Pro users

In PSP5, go to colors->decrease color depth->8bit (256). Choose Optimized Octree and Nearest color for reduction method. You might try to test some other options to see what works best. Now, edit the palette (colors->edit palette) and swap the color in color 0 (upper left) with the your BG color. Finally, save that palette and run it through pal2act.exe tool included with the PcxClean package in our general tools section. Now you can choose to run your sprites through PcxClean with your new palette, or convert the remaining images to the same palette manually.

### 2. How do I start making a character?

Go to the chars/ directory and make a new directory for your character. Let's call this character "Player", for an example (replace "player" with whatever you want to call your character). In this case, make a directory called chars/player. Put the sprmaker and the other MUGEN tools in the same directory as mugen.exe.

### 3. What does this character need?

You'll need to have these in the chars/player directory:

    player.air
    player.cmd
    player.cns
    player.def
    player.sff
    player.snd
    player.act

To see what each of these files are, read the Overview included in the docs/ directory of the M.U.G.E.N zip file.
In this tutorial, you’ll make player.sff, the sprite file.

### 4. How do I start making these files?

You can make them all from scratch... Or, you can start by using our example character Kung Fu Man. You can also obtain KFM's work files from the developer's section of our MUGEN website. Extract KFM's work files into a directory called work/kfm/ under your MUGEN directory.

### 5. OK, I got KFM. Now what?

The first thing to do is to copy over and rename the files needed for your character. Assuming your player's directory name is "player", these are the files you should copy:

    chars/kfm/kfm.air -> chars/player/player.air
    chars/kfm/kfm.cns -> chars/player/player.cns
    chars/kfm/kfm.cmd -> chars/player/player.cmd
    chars/kfm/kfm.def -> chars/player/player.def

What are these files? These 4 files are all in text format, which you can edit in a text editor such as MS-DOS EDIT or Windows WordPad. Here is a list of each of these files, what they do, and their corresponding technical documentation files.

- .air - Animation data. This describes how your sprites will be animated. (AIR format)
- .cns - Constants and states. This is where you define your character's state machine. It is the core of how a character behaves. (CNS format, Expressions)
- .cmd - Move command definitions. The .cmd defines which input move commands trigger which attack states. It works with the .cns file to define how your character reacts to keyboard or joystick input. (see comments in kfm.cmd)
- .def - Files and basic information about a character (see comments in kfm.def)

To set up your character's basic information, open player.def using a text editor. Change the fields to the appropriate values. For example:

    ; Player information
    [Info]
    name = "Player"             ;Name of character
    displayname = "My Player"   ;Name of character to display
    versiondate = 04,14,2001    ;Version date of character
    mugenversion = 04,14,2001   ;Version of M.U.G.E.N character works on
    author = "Yourname"         ;Character author name
    pal.defaults = 1            ;Default palettes in order of preference

    ; Files for the player
    [Files]
    cmd     = player.cmd   ;Command set
    cns     = player.cns   ;Constants
    st      = player.cns   ;States
    stcommon = common1.cns ;Common states
    sprite  = player.sff   ;Sprite
    anim    = player.air   ;Animation
    sound   =              ;Sound (leave blank if none) *** Set to blank for now ***
    pal1    = player.act   ;Palettes (can have up to 12)
    ;*** delete lines with palettes you are not using ***

    ; Arcade mode
    [Arcade]
    intro.storyboard =     ;*** Set to blank for now ***
    ending.storyboard =    ;*** Set to blank for now ***

#### Making the sprite file

Now let's make player.sff, the character's sprite file. We'll concentrate on just making standing animation for now. If you already have the sprites you want to use, get those ready. Let's say that the standing animations you want to use are named stand00.pcx – stand03.pcx and are in the work/player/ directory. Now, make a text file inside work/player/ and call that file player.txt (of course you can name it anything you want). Here's the start of the text file you would use (comment lines begin with a semicolon).

    ;Options (don't worry about the following 3 lines for now)
    #
    1
    2
    ;Next is the filename. This is where sprmaker will make the file.
    chars/player/player.sff
    ;----------------
    ;your sprite file name
    work/player/stand00.pcx
    ;The next two are the group and image number.
    ;You'll use these numbers in the .air file.
    0
    0
    ;X and Y axis,  you'll have to change these numbers
    ;for your own sprites
    17
    105
    work/player/stand01.pcx
    0
    1
    17
    105
    work/player/stand02.pcx
    0
    2
    17
    105
    work/player/stand03.pcx
    0
    3
    17
    105
    ; end of file

For details on how sprmaker works, check the mtools.txt file that comes with the MUGEN tools. You might want to read it now before proceeding with this tutorial.

The group number and image number you enter for each sprite is used to access it in the .air (animation) file. It's just a pair of numbers you will associate with the sprite. For example, instead of referring to stand02.pcx, you will refer to 0,2.

Group number 0 is used for standing frames. You can check the AIR docs later for recommended numbers for other animation actions. The image number just specifies which image it is within a particular group number. You have to get your own X and Y axis from your sprite. For standing frames, it is usually at the very bottom in the middle of the sprite. For jumping sprites, the axis is usually in the where the character’s feet would be if they were standing. That usually is in the center below the sprite. You can check KFM's sprites by running MUGEN and pressing Ctrl-C while playing. This will bring up the characters' bounding boxes and axes. Here are some examples of axis positions.

The positioning of your axes is very important. If they are slightly off between sprites, you will notice your sprites "jittering" around. If you make bigger errors, your sprites can end up appearing in completely wrong places.

Once you have player.txt ready, go to the directory where you put mugen.exe and sprmaker.exe, etc and make player.sff by typing at the command prompt:

      sprmaker < work\player\player.txt

If you get errors or player.sff wasn’t made, check the text file for errors.

### 6. I made the .sff. What's next?

Okay, now that you have the standing sprites in player.sff, it's time to animate your character. To make the standing animation, you have to create an action for it (an action is a block of text that describes one sequence of sprites to display). Open up player.air in a text editor, and let's get ready to add a standing animation action. If your player.air is a copy of kfm.air, you can simply edit the appropriate action group (action 0 for standing animation).

It’s time to make player.air. If you've read the AIR docs, you'll know the format for .air is:

    Group number, image number, X offset, Y offset, game-ticks, [options]

Don't worry about the lines that start with Clsn2 and Clsn2Default for now.

    ; Standing Animation
    [Begin Action 0]   ;Action 0 is the standing animation
    Clsn2Default: 2
     Clsn2[0] = -10,  0, 10,-79
     Clsn2[1] =  -4,-92,  6,-79
    0,3, 0,0, 7
    ;The above line means to use sprite (0,3) (ie. group 0, image number 3) and
    ;display it for 7 game-ticks.  1 game-tick is 1/60 of a sec, so 60
    ;ticks is 1 second.  Group 0 Image 3 is stand03.pcx.
    0,2, 0,0, 7
    0,1, 0,0, 7
    0,0, 0,0, 7
    0,1, 0,0, 7
    0,2, 0,0, 7
    ;end of file

Now, save this file and you’re ready to see how your character looks!

### 7. Checking out your actions

If all the files are in the right place, you can directly load your character with MUGEN by typing at the command prompt:

    mugen player player

This is a shortcut for versus mode. For now, don't worry if you see warnings at the top of the screen. Warnings are a sign that there's something wrong or missing in your character. In this case, your character might be missing required sprites or animation actions.

If you find a sprite too high up, as if it is floating above the ground, you'll have to move the axis higher up. Just remember that the axis is on ground-level when the character is on the ground. Likewise, if your character is too far forwards, move the axis right. Once you've adjusted the axes for all the sprites correctly, your character shouldn't be sliding or fidgeting around during the animation.

If you accidentally entered a sprite group+image number that doesn't exist, then nothing will be drawn. So if you see your character blinking out, you should go back and check your .air file to see if the numbers correspond to the ones in used for building your .sff.

### 8. Continuing with Actions and Sprites

After making the standing frames, you can proceed to walking, then jumping. Now that you know the basics of making sprites and actions, you should continue by making the required sprites from spr.txt and required actions from the Reserved Action Numbers in the AIR docs. When you're done, all the warnings at the top of the screen should go away.

In part 2 of the tutorial, you’ll be able to define your character’s bounding boxes so they can get hit and hit other characters. Finally, we’ll show you how to define some attacks in the .cns.

Tutorial 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

Next is Tutorial Part 2